External ballast circuit During braking, electrical energy is fed back into the DC-link through self-induction of the motor. If not using a power supply with regenerative-feedback capability, the brake power can cause the DC-link voltage to increase which, if no additional measures are taken, is limited only by the internal consumption and capacitances in the DC-link. To prevent damage to the controller through overvoltage, it may – depending on the level of the braking power – be necessary to dissipate excess energy in the form of heat. For this purpose, the controller provides an output at pin (pin B27) for controlling an external ballast circuit that consists of a driver, a MOSFET as switch, and a sufficiently dimensioned ballast resistor (see Example of a ballast circuit). Control of the ballast resistor A ballast controller and monitor that has two functions is implemented in the firmware of the controller: Limitation of the DC-link voltage through activation of the ballast resistor or shutdown of the output stage Protection of the ballast resistor against thermal overload The parameters to be configured are described in the following chapters. Activating the ballast To activate the ballast, set bit 0 in 4021h:01h to "1". If you would like to invert the polarity of the pin for controlling the external ballast circuit (B27, on delivery: active high), set bit 1 in 4021h:01h to "1". Enter the response threshold in millivolts as well as the hysteresis when switching on/off in 4021h:02h and 4021h:03h, respectively. If, in spite of the activation, the ballast is not able to limit the increase in the DC-link voltage, an error is generated and the driver output stage switched off when the overvoltage threshold (2034h) is exceeded. Ballast monitoring The firmware constantly monitors the ballast resistor by adding up the energy it converts – taking into account the thermal energy that the resistor discharges to its surroundings through convection. If the energy exceeds the permissible limit value, the ballast resistor is blocked from switching on and a warning generated with error code 7113h (see 1003h). After the resistor has cooled sufficiently, the block is automatically canceled. To configure the monitoring, you must ascertain or determine the following resistor parameters from the data sheet of the ballast resistor and enter them in the corresponding subindex of 4021h: Nominal Resistance RBallast, [mOhm] Rated value of the ballast resistor Cooling Power PStat_TA_Max, [mW] The amount of heat that the resistor can/may constantly discharge to its surroundings. You can calculate these as follows: PStat_TA_Max = (TBallast_Max - TAMax)/Rth,A TBallast_Max: Maximum permissible surface temperature of the resistor. Limited by the data of the resistor (data sheet value) or by the installation position (temperature stability of adjacent components). TAMax: Maximum temperature in the surroundings of the ballast Rth,A: Thermal resistance of the ballast resistor to the surroundings (data sheet value) Short Term Energy Limit EST_25°C, [mWs] Amount of energy that can be supplied to the resistor within a short load surge (<1 second) without overloading it. The material of the resistor element (wire, thick film) is the limiting factor here as, in the case of short pulses, practically only it can absorb energy and heats up. For load resistors, the value is typically specified in the data sheet. Long Term Energy Limit ELT_TA_Max, [mWs] Amount of energy that can be supplied to the resistor within the Long Term Reference Time (see below, typically between 1 and 5 seconds) without overloading it. In the case of long pulses, the carrier material (cement or ceramic body) also absorbs energy and thereby slows the temperature rise. The long-term overload capacity of a load resistor is typically specified in its data sheet in the form of an overload factor for a certain length of time (e.g. 5x rated power for 5 seconds). Long Term Reference Time tLT_Ref, [ms] The reference time for the Long Term Energy Limit (typically between 1 and 5 seconds) If the parameters are not valid or realistic, an error is generated with error code 7110 h (see 1003h). Example of a ballast circuit The following section from the circuit diagram of the NP5 Discovery Board (see Hardware installation), can serve as a reference for the development of your own ballast circuit. The used ballast resistor is a CR257-05T15R from VITROHM. The circuit is controlled via pin BALLAST (B27). Tip: Nanotec recommends using a wirewound resistor due to its pulse strength. The following parameters, which you enter in the corresponding subindex of 4021h, are based on the data sheet values and the installation position on the Discovery Board: Subindex Parameter Value 04h Nominal Resistance 15000 05h Long Term Energy Limit 60996 06h Long Term Reference Time 1000 07h Short Term Energy Limit 6375 08h Cooling Power 2258
Control of the ballast resistor A ballast controller and monitor that has two functions is implemented in the firmware of the controller: Limitation of the DC-link voltage through activation of the ballast resistor or shutdown of the output stage Protection of the ballast resistor against thermal overload The parameters to be configured are described in the following chapters.
Activating the ballast To activate the ballast, set bit 0 in 4021h:01h to "1". If you would like to invert the polarity of the pin for controlling the external ballast circuit (B27, on delivery: active high), set bit 1 in 4021h:01h to "1". Enter the response threshold in millivolts as well as the hysteresis when switching on/off in 4021h:02h and 4021h:03h, respectively. If, in spite of the activation, the ballast is not able to limit the increase in the DC-link voltage, an error is generated and the driver output stage switched off when the overvoltage threshold (2034h) is exceeded.
Ballast monitoring The firmware constantly monitors the ballast resistor by adding up the energy it converts – taking into account the thermal energy that the resistor discharges to its surroundings through convection. If the energy exceeds the permissible limit value, the ballast resistor is blocked from switching on and a warning generated with error code 7113h (see 1003h). After the resistor has cooled sufficiently, the block is automatically canceled. To configure the monitoring, you must ascertain or determine the following resistor parameters from the data sheet of the ballast resistor and enter them in the corresponding subindex of 4021h: Nominal Resistance RBallast, [mOhm] Rated value of the ballast resistor Cooling Power PStat_TA_Max, [mW] The amount of heat that the resistor can/may constantly discharge to its surroundings. You can calculate these as follows: PStat_TA_Max = (TBallast_Max - TAMax)/Rth,A TBallast_Max: Maximum permissible surface temperature of the resistor. Limited by the data of the resistor (data sheet value) or by the installation position (temperature stability of adjacent components). TAMax: Maximum temperature in the surroundings of the ballast Rth,A: Thermal resistance of the ballast resistor to the surroundings (data sheet value) Short Term Energy Limit EST_25°C, [mWs] Amount of energy that can be supplied to the resistor within a short load surge (<1 second) without overloading it. The material of the resistor element (wire, thick film) is the limiting factor here as, in the case of short pulses, practically only it can absorb energy and heats up. For load resistors, the value is typically specified in the data sheet. Long Term Energy Limit ELT_TA_Max, [mWs] Amount of energy that can be supplied to the resistor within the Long Term Reference Time (see below, typically between 1 and 5 seconds) without overloading it. In the case of long pulses, the carrier material (cement or ceramic body) also absorbs energy and thereby slows the temperature rise. The long-term overload capacity of a load resistor is typically specified in its data sheet in the form of an overload factor for a certain length of time (e.g. 5x rated power for 5 seconds). Long Term Reference Time tLT_Ref, [ms] The reference time for the Long Term Energy Limit (typically between 1 and 5 seconds) If the parameters are not valid or realistic, an error is generated with error code 7110 h (see 1003h).
Example of a ballast circuit The following section from the circuit diagram of the NP5 Discovery Board (see Hardware installation), can serve as a reference for the development of your own ballast circuit. The used ballast resistor is a CR257-05T15R from VITROHM. The circuit is controlled via pin BALLAST (B27). Tip: Nanotec recommends using a wirewound resistor due to its pulse strength. The following parameters, which you enter in the corresponding subindex of 4021h, are based on the data sheet values and the installation position on the Discovery Board: Subindex Parameter Value 04h Nominal Resistance 15000 05h Long Term Energy Limit 60996 06h Long Term Reference Time 1000 07h Short Term Energy Limit 6375 08h Cooling Power 2258
